What are the required steps to upgrade an Amazon RDS instance to a newer version of the underlying database engine?

To upgrade an Amazon RDS instance to a newer version of the underlying database engine, follow these steps:

1. Check compatibility : Review release notes and test application with new engine version in a separate environment.

2. Create snapshot :
Before upgrading, create a manual DB snapshot for backup and rollback purposes.

3. Schedule maintenance window: Choose a suitable time frame when your application can tolerate downtime during the upgrade process.

4. Modify instance: In the AWS Management Console or using CLI/API, modify the DB instance by selecting the desired engine version.

5. Monitor progress: Track the upgrade status through CloudWatch metrics, events, and logs.

6. Test application: After the upgrade is complete, verify that your application works correctly with the new engine version.

7. Update clients: If necessary, update client applications to use any new features or changes introduced in the upgraded engine.