Explain Key Steps in Schema Migration.

1. Analyze the Current Schema :
  • Identify tables, columns, primary keys, foreign keys, indexes, and constraints.
  • Understand dependencies between tables and applications.
2. Define the Target Schema :
  • Design a new schema that supports the required changes.
  • Maintain data integrity and relationships.
3. Map the Differences :
  • Identify schema mismatches between source and target.
  • Example changes:
    • Column name changes (e.g., cust_name → customer_name)
    • Data type changes (e.g., VARCHAR(50) → TEXT)
    • Index and constraint updates
4. Apply Schema Changes :
  • Use database migration scripts (SQL-based or automated tools).
  • Modify tables, columns, constraints, indexes, and relationships.
5. Data Transformation & Migration :
  • If needed, convert existing data to fit the new schema (e.g., date format changes).
  • Ensure data integrity during the transformation.
6. Testing & Validation :
  • Verify that the new schema supports existing and new queries.
  • Perform data validation checks (row counts, column mappings, etc.).
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