Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems employ visible light for communication that occupy the spectrum from 380 nm to 750 nm. The technology uses fluorescent lamps (ordinary lamps, not special communications devices) to transmit signals at 10 kbit/s, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s over short distances.

The Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an emerging technology, which provides distinct facilities such as fast data communication, secure data communication, high data rate wireless communication, .Instead of radio frequency, VLC uses light, to transfer data. The visible light spectrum is unlicensed and 10,000 times larger than the range of radio frequencies. It can be used as an alternate to the existing radio based wireless communication technologies or in hybrid. Moreover, Integrated VLC resolves issue of load balancing in existing wireless networks. Light Fidelity is a recent technology under VLC, which can be used for wireless communication as it has many advantages such as no electromagnetic interference, low cost and high data rate, much higher than traditional bluetooth.

Efficiencies in the industrial sector in particular can be achieved in the following ways: Forecasting energy demand and managing the output accordingly. This can help to reduce reliance on fuel, or manage its consumption, thereby also reducing emissions. Hence, 1 is correct.

Artificial intelligence and music have long been intertwined. Alan Turing, the godfather of computer science, built a machine as early as 1951 that generated three simple melodies.

AI in the present stage is also capable of writing meaning short stories. Sunspring or It's No Game released in 2016 and 2017 respectively, these short films' screenplays were written by Benjamin, a self-named system-on-chip running a long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network. The idea of filmmaker Oscar Sharp, the process behind Sunspring was a relatively simple one of imitation; feed a text-recognition engine a load of sci-fi movie scripts – including Interstellar and The Fifth Element – and allow it to dissect them until it could predict the words and phrases that most often appear together. The resulting neural network then wrote a screenplay, and even the lyrics to the theme song using a database of 30,000 folk songs. Hence, 2 is correct.

A study published by The Lancet Digital Health compared the performance of deep learning—a form of artificial intelligence (AI)—in detecting diseases from medical imaging versus that of healthcare professionals, using a sample of studies carried out between 2012 and 2019.The study found that, in the past few years, AI has become more accurate of identifying disease diagnosis in these images and has become a more viable source of diagnostic information. Hence, 3 is correct

Language processing is another area of their services where the tech has been implemented. Google Assistant speech recognition AI uses deep neural networks to learn how to better understand spoken commands and questions as well as for text-to-speech conversion. Hence, 4 is correct.

In wireless power transfer, in order to efficiently charge the power receivers, online prediction of the receiver positions is necessary, and for this purpose AI is used. The prediction accuracy of AI is very high. Hence, 5 is correct.

In pronuclear transfer, the mother’s egg is first fertilized with the father’s sperm, producing a zygote. The pro-nuclei of the egg and sperm are then removed from the zygote and inserted into a donor egg that has been fertilized and has had its own nucleus removed (a pronucleus is the nucleus of the egg or sperm at the stage of fertilization prior to nucleus fusion). The zygote derived from the donor egg is then implanted into the mother’s uterus. It is thus used in the process of three-parent baby.

Three-parent baby, human offspring produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies and three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF). In general, the reproductive technologies used to produce three-parent babies focus on replacing or otherwise reducing the effects of mutations that occur in the DNA of cellular organelles known as mitochondria, which reside in the cell cytoplasm. The various approaches could help women to overcome infertility and could prevent the transmission to their offspring of potentially debilitating mitochondrial diseases.

Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology. Sanskrit was the classical literary language of the Indian Hindus and Panini is considered the founder of the language and literature. Panini was born in Shalatula, a town near to Attock on the Indus. The dates given for Panini are pure guesses. Experts give dates in the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th century BC and there is also no agreement among historians. However, all these guesses are pre-Mauryan while Pushyamitra Shunga is a post-Mauryan king. Thus, statement (1) is not correct.

Amarasimha was one of the navaratnas of Gupta era. His book Amarkosh is a famous literary outcome of the Gupta era. While Harshavardhana is a post-Gupta king. Thus, statement (2) is not correct.

Although Kalidasa’s dates are also disputed by historians, according to tradition, he belonged to the court of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya who is identified as Changra Gupta II. Thus, statement (3) is correct. Therefore, the correct answer is (c).

Till the 1700s, the Company had paid little heed to training its employees. The ‘Indiamen’, as they were called, were drawn from a small pool of British families who were friends and relatives of those already involved with the Company, and there was little focus on their knowledge or abilities.

By the 1800s, the British territories in India had expanded greatly and there was an urgent need for a more thoroughly organised administration.

This required trained men who could not only communicate in the local languages but also understand the country and the people they were rapidly gaining control over. It was to train these British officials that Fort William College was established by Lord Richard Wellesley (Governor-General of Bengal from 1798 to 1805) in 1800. The college aimed to create civil servants who were familiar with Indian languages, history, culture and local laws. Alongside, they would also receive training in Western languages and the art of administration.

Because of its high value as a trading commodity, indigo was often referred to as blue gold. It has been the foundation of textile export from India for centuries. As its demand increased during the industrialization in Britain (as it was most suitable for cotton and also required for navy uniforms), its production also increased and so did the oppression by white planters.

Although peasant resistance (Eg Indigo revolt) led to reduction in planters’ oppression. However, indigo plantation moved away from Bengal and into Bihar. That is where the Champaran satyagraha took place during Gandhian era. However, it was in reality its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions that led to reduction in its production.

These inventions took place in Germany where the foundation of Industrial revolution was not the mechanization of process but the invention of scientific techniques like modern synthetic chemistry.

By the late 19th century nearly all indigo came from indigo bush plantations in India. The German chemist Adolf Baeyer succeeded in making it in the laboratory in 1878, but it took nearly three decades to find a method of making synthetic indigo on a large scale. The breakthrough came in 1890 when Karl Heumann in Zurich found a way of making indigo from aniline. A lucky accident at the German firm BASF involving a broken thermometer then revealed that mercury was a catalyst for a key part of the synthesis and BASF started the production of synthetic indigo in 1897. Johannes Pfleger then discovered a better route to synthetic indigo which was used by BASF’s competitor Hoechst.

Rukhmabai (1864-1955) was the first practising female doctor in colonial India. Rukhmabai also made her mark in history due to the legal case she was involved in, which contributed to the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, 1891.

She was married off at the young age of eleven, while her husband, Dadaji Bhikaji was nineteen years old. He later got in touch with her, perhaps interested in the money she had inherited after her mother passed away. She refused to go, continued to live with her step-father and pursued her education, going against the norms of society. In 1885, after 12 years of marriage, Bhikaji sought “restitution of conjugal rights”.

The British precedents could not be implied in this case, as British law was meant to be applied in the case of consenting adults. Justice Pinhey found this limitation in British law and found no previous cases of such nature in Hindu law. Hence his judgement on the case stated that Rukhmabai had been wed as an innocent child, had no say in the matter and now couldn’t be forced.

In March 1887, Rukhmabai was ordered to go live with her husband or spend six months in jail. Determined about her decision to not to return to Dadaji and to continue her education, Rukhmabai bravely said that she would rather face maximum penalty than accept the verdict given.

Subsequently, after numerous hearings, the marriage was affirmed, where Rukhmabai wrote to Queen Victoria. The Queen overruled the court’s verdict and dissolved the marriage. In July of 1888, Dadaji accepted monetary compensation of two thousand rupees to dissolve the marriage.

It was a case that got a lot of attention in Britain too, where women’s magazines covered it. The ripples that the case created led to the influence on the passage of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, which made child marriages illegal across the British Empire.

In the context of the path of the bodhisattva, the paramitas (paramis) represent qualites that the bodhisattva strives to perfect in order to purify karma and kleshas and develop bodhicitta to the highest degree possible. The several stages along the bodhisattva path involved the attainment of a number of perfections known as paramitas. These were originally listed as six and later expanded to ten.

They consisted of generosity (dana), good conduct (shila), patient forbearance (kshanti), mental strength (virya), meditation (dhyana), wisdom (prajna), skilfulness in means (upaya-kaushalya), determination (pranidhana), power (bala), and knowledge (jnana).

The Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka refer to 14 separate major Edicts, which are significantly detailed and extensive.

 

Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, honors both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds. But Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does not value gifts and honors as much as he values this -- that there should be growth in the essentials of all religions. Growth in essentials can be done in different ways, but all of them have as their root restraint in speech, that is, not praising one's own religion, or condemning the religion of others without good cause. And if there is cause for criticism, it should be done in a mild way. But it is better to honor other religions for this reason. By so doing, one's own religion benefits, and so do other religions, while doing otherwise harms one's own religion and the religions of others. Whoever praises his own religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my own religion," only harms his own religion. Therefore contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions.

 

Those who are content with their own religion should be told this : Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does not value gifts and honors as much as he values that there should be growth in the essentials of all religions. And to this end many are working -- Dhamma Mahamatras, Mahamatras in charge of the women's quarters, officers in charge of outlying areas, and other such officers. And the fruit of this is that one's own religion grows and the Dhamma is illuminated also.