Separation of Power between legislative, executive and judiciary maintains checks and balances in the system. It establishes limited government. Thus it is the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy.

A single citizenship means that all Indians irrespective of their State of Domicile are the Citizens of India. In India, A person born in Punjab or kerala can only be a citizen of India and not a citizen of the State of their domicile like in the USA. So, statement 1 is correct.

 

In India a citizen whether by birth, registration, naturalization or descent can become President. In USA only natural-born citizen of the United States can become President. So, statement 2 is not correct.

 

The person who obtains Indian citizenship by birth, by domicile and by incorporation of territory can never be deprived of their citizenship. Only person who have got the citizenship by naturalisation and registration can be deprived of it under following circumstances:

1) obtained the citizenship by fraud

2) shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India

3) unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war

4) within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years and

5) has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously. So, statement 3 is not correct.

Under Article 128 of the Constitution, the Chief Justice of India may, at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. So, statement 1 is correct.

The Kerala High court recently (May 2021) comprising of a bench of Chief Justice Mr.S.Manikumar & Justice Shaji P.Chaly remarked that being A Court Of Record, High Court Can Review Its Own Judgments Under Article 226 Of the Constitution. (Pottakalathil Ramakrishnan v. Thahsildar, Tirur and Others ).

Order 47 Rule 1 read with 114 CPC, high court has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. So, statement 2 is correct.

 As used in political science, the word state means a community or society politically organized under one independent government within a definite territory and subject to no outside control.

The essential attributes of a state are :

1. Defined territory

2. Population

3. Organized government

4. Sovereignty and independence

 

Features/characteristics of Indian Federalism

 

* Clear division of powers between the Centre and the states,

* Independent Judiciary

* Bicameral Legislature,

* Dual government polity,

* Supremacy of constitution

Response (b) is vague as it doesn’t make it clear whether it refers to upper house or lower house of the parliament.

Administrative discretion is against equality and it becomes the cause of arbitrariness, discrimination and unjust action. In Jayantilal Kalidas Mehta vs The State of Maharashtra 1970 case, some sections were contended that gave unguided, uncontrolled and arbitrary powers to the collector, which were violating Article 14 of the constitution.

Parole cannot be demanded as a right by the convict. It is given by the court in recognition of good behavior of a convict. After the first appeal after conviction, which when dismissed, allows for a convict to apply for parole under the prevalent rules. Every state has its own parole rules. Emergency parole was given to convicts, undergoing sentence upto 7 years, due to Covid- 19 pandemic to decongest prisons in 2020.

 

Parole is under the Jail Rules which are covered under the state list and can be granted to Indian Citizens.

Judicial Custody is the custody of court. It is mentioned in section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). Remand order is issued by the Judicial Magistrate and on the basis of remand order the accused is lodged to Judicial Custody. To release the accused from custody, a warrant of release is necessary.

Police Custody is different from Judicial custody, where the Police can seek for 15 Day, for the purpose of interrogation and investigation, where the accused is in police custody/lockup.

The right to the city is a new paradigm that provides an alternative framework to rethink cities and urbanization. It envisions the effective fulfilment of all internationally agreed human rights, sustainable development objectives as expressed through the Sustainable Development Goals, and the commitments of the Habitat Agenda. Local governments and their local, national and global association, civil society organizations, and specific United Nations organizations (UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, OHCHR - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and UN-Habitat) should be the ones in charge for monitoring the implementation of the New Urban Agenda. So, statement 1 is correct.

 

The right to city also means “the right of people to a safe and healthy habitat, and to adequate and decent housing regardless of their social and economic status” and “to fully enjoy the city and its public spaces on the basis of the principles of sustainability, social justice, respect for different urban cultures, and a balance between the urban and the rural. Exercising the right to the city is [further] based on the democratic management of the city, on the social and environmental function of property and of the city, and on the full exercise of citizenship. So, statement 2 is correct.

 

The right to the city envisions a socially and spatially just distribution and planning of material resources, ensuring good living conditions across the human settlement continuum. These resources, accessible in both formal and informal sectors and areas, are defined by acceptable quality standards, and include: public space and the urban commons; investments in basic infrastructures and services (e.g. water, electricity, waste, and sanitation); appropriate, accessible and affordable transportation options; appropriate and dignified housing and settlements; equitable livelihoods, opportunities, and decent jobs, including solidarity and circular economy initiatives; education; healthcare; and investments in the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity, and in climate change protection. This pillar envisions all inhabitants, particularly women, as caretakers and as protagonists in the delivery and enjoyment of these resources for a full life. In this respect, it also requires recognition and specific measures targeting marginalized groups (e.g. young people, migrants and refugees, informal workers, and the differently abled). So, statement 3 is not correct.