Which of the following errors are not rectified by LDGPS?

Clock offset

Multi-path signal interference

Satellite ephemerides

Lonosphere propagation effects

Correct Answer : Multi-path signal interference

Explanation : LDGPS operation leads to the nearly complete cancellation of errors due to satellite ephemerides, clock offset, selective availability, and ionospheric propagation, leaving mainly those errors due to multipath signal interference and receiver noise.

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The aircraft whose attitude reference is solely based on the natural horizon follow ______

IFR

VFR

Pilot

FAA commands

Correct Answer : Option (B) : VFR

Explanation : VFR flights usually involve small aircraft operated for personal or business purposes. Navigation may be by visual reference to the ground and aircraft attitude control may be based solely on the natural horizon visible through the windscreen of the aircraft.

Who is responsible for the separation of an aircraft from other aircraft in a controlled airspace?

Pilot

Co-pilot

ATM operator

Navigator

Correct Answer : Option (C) : ATM operator

Explanation : In controlled airspace, the crew must operate in accordance with instructions received from ATM authorities, and these authorities are responsible for separating the aircraft from all other IFR aircraft.

Who are not required to contact the ATM for navigation?

Pilot

Co-pilot

IFR operator

VFR operator

Correct Answer : Option (D) : VFR operator

Explanation : Visual Flight Rules operator are responsible for avoiding collisions with obstacles, terrain and other aircraft by visually observing these hazards and maintaining visual separations. VFR operators are not required to contact ATM authorities and are not subject to their directions.