Correct Answer :   Indonesia

---

Indonesia’s Marapi volcano in West Sumatra province erupted on Sunday (3rd Dec 2023), spewing volcanic ash as high as 3,000 metres into the air.

According to country’s disaster management agency BNPB, the 2,891-metre-high volcano erupted at 2.54 p.m. Authorities said that volcanic ash was dispersed at high intensity to nearby districts.

Pictures from BNPB showed cars and roads covered with ash. Authorities have barred residents and visitors from carrying out any activities within 3 kilometres of the crater, and have set the second-highes alert level for Marapi mountain. Indonesia sits on the Pacific’s so-called “Ring of Fire” and has 127 active volcanoes..

Source : AIR

Correct Answer :   December 2nd

---

The International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, observed annually on December 2nd, marks a significant moment in global history. It is a day dedicated to remembering and acknowledging the brutal history of slavery and the ongoing impacts of its legacy.

The day originates from the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others on December 2, 1949. This day serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring struggle against slavery and its modern forms.


The Evolution of Slavery: From Past to Present : Historically, slavery was a systematic institution where individuals were treated as property, bought, and sold, often enduring unimaginable hardships. This practice dates back thousands of years, spanning numerous civilizations and cultures. However, modern slavery has taken different forms, including human trafficking, forced labor, and the exploitation of children in various industries. Today, it is a hidden crime that affects millions globally, transcending borders, ages, and nationalities.


Global Efforts in Eradicating Slavery : In response to this ongoing crisis, international organizations and governments worldwide have implemented various measures aimed at combating modern slavery. The United Nations, through its agencies like the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), has been at the forefront of these efforts. They work towards enforcing labor standards, raising awareness, and supporting victims. National governments have also been instrumental in enacting laws and creating task forces to address these issues within their borders.


The Role of Awareness and Education : Raising awareness and educating the public about the realities of modern slavery is vital in combating this issue. Awareness campaigns, educational programs, and community involvement are crucial in identifying, preventing, and reporting instances of slavery. These initiatives also play a significant role in changing societal attitudes and behaviors that perpetuate slavery.


The Impact of Technology in Combating Slavery : Advancements in technology have provided new tools in the fight against slavery. From blockchain to enhance supply chain transparency to AI-driven platforms for identifying victims, technology is proving to be an invaluable ally. Social media and digital platforms also play a significant role in spreading awareness and mobilizing support against slavery.

Challenges in Eradicating Modern Slavery : Despite significant progress, numerous challenges remain in the fight against modern slavery. These include insufficient funding, lack of accurate data, corruption, and the hidden nature of these crimes. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach, involving cooperation between governments, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society.


The Power of Collective Action : Collective action is fundamental in the fight against slavery. This involves partnerships between various stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, NGOs, the private sector, and the general public. By working together, these groups can share resources, expertise, and strategies to make a more substantial impact.


Remembering the Victims : On the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, it is crucial to honor and remember the victims of slavery, both past and present. This day is not only about acknowledging the dark history of slavery but also about recognizing the resilience and strength of those who have suffered and continue to suffer under its yoke.


Looking Forward: The Path to a Slavery-Free World :

* The journey towards a world free of slavery is ongoing. It requires sustained effort, commitment, and a global understanding that slavery in any form is unacceptable. As we commemorate the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery in 2023, let us renew our commitment to this cause and work towards a future where freedom and dignity are universal rights.

* In conclusion, the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery serves as a crucial reminder of our collective responsibility to combat slavery in all its forms. Through education, awareness, technology, and collective action, we can make significant strides towards eradicating this heinous practice. Let us stand united in this fight for freedom and justice for all.


Important takeaways for all competitive exams :

* International Labour Organization (ILO) Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland;
* International Labour Organization (ILO) Head: Gilbert F. Houngbo;
* International Labour Organization (ILO) Established Year: 1919;
* United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Headquarters: Vienna, Austria;
* United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Head: Ghada Waly;
* United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Established Year: 1997.

Correct Answer :   59th

---

The Border Security Force (BSF) celebrated its 59th raising day on 1st December. This significant organization plays a pivotal role in ensuring the security of India’s borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. Established in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the BSF’s motto, “जीवन पर्यन्त कर्तव्य” (Duty Unto Death), reflects its unwavering commitment to safeguarding the nation.


Organizational Growth and Structure :

* Historical Background : Initially formed with 25 battalions, the BSF has witnessed substantial growth and currently comprises 192 battalions and approximately 270,000 personnel.

* Specialized Units : Beyond its core battalions, the BSF houses specialized units, including air and naval wings, as well as an artillery regiment, enhancing its operational capabilities.


Roles and Mandates :

* During Peacetime : Primary Objectives: The BSF’s core responsibilities during peacetime encompass border security, thwarting trans-border crimes such as smuggling and unauthorized entry, anti-infiltration efforts, intelligence gathering, and ensuring the well-being of border residents.

* Legal Authority : The BSF operates under the Border Security Force Act, 1968, and is governed by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

* During Wartime : War-Time Functions: In times of conflict, the BSF assumes vital roles, including holding ground in assigned sectors, undertaking limited offensive actions against irregular enemy forces, and providing support to the army in border regions.

Historical Significance :

* Formation Necessity : The BSF’s establishment was necessitated by the inadequacy of State Armed Police in dealing with armed aggression, as highlighted during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

* Key Contributors : Eminent figures like K.F. Rustamji, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, played pivotal roles in the early leadership of the BSF.


Geopolitical and Tactical Engagements :

* Involvement in Conflicts : The BSF actively participated in significant conflicts, notably the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, where it played a crucial role in the Liberation of Bangladesh.

* Adaptation to Changing Conditions : Over the years, the BSF’s operational focus evolved, shifting from the Punjab region to Jammu and Kashmir, where it engaged in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.


Specialized Units and Modernization :

* Special Detachments : The BSF boasts specialized units such as the Creek Crocodile commando force and the Camel Contingent, each serving unique purposes along different border sections.

* Force Modernization : The organization places a strong emphasis on modernization efforts, including equipping its personnel with All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) and specialized equipment to enhance its effectiveness.

The Border Security Force stands as a stalwart guardian of India’s borders, committed to its motto of “Duty Unto Death” and evolving to meet the challenges of an ever-changing security landscape.

Correct Answer :   1st Dec 2023

---

Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman on the United States Supreme Court, a rancher’s daughter who wielded great power over American law from her seat at the center of the court’s ideological spectrum, died on Friday (1st Dec 2023) in Phoenix. She was 93.

The Supreme Court announced her death in a statement, saying the cause was complications of dementia. She grew up in Arizona and lived there most of her life.

In a public letter she released in October 2018, when she was 88, the former justice, who had not been seen in public for some time, announced that she had been diagnosed with the beginning stages of dementia, “probably Alzheimer’s disease,” and consequently was withdrawing from public life.


Early Life and Legal Career :

* Sandra Day O’Connor was born on March 26, 1930, in El Paso, Texas.
* She earned her Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor degrees from Stanford University.
* O’Connor faced significant challenges as a female lawyer in a male-dominated profession during the mid-20th century.

Appointment to the Supreme Court :

* President Ronald Reagan appointed Sandra Day O’Connor to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981.
* She became the first woman to serve as a justice on the nation’s highest court.


Key Supreme Court Decisions :

* O’Connor played a pivotal role in several landmark decisions during her tenure.
* One of her notable contributions was the majority opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, a case related to abortion rights.
* She was known for her moderate and pragmatic approach to legal issues.


Retirement and Impact :

* Sandra Day O’Connor retired from the Supreme Court in 2006.
* Her retirement allowed President George W. Bush to nominate Justice Samuel Alito as her successor.


Legacy and Influence :

* Sandra Day O’Connor’s legacy includes breaking the gender barrier on the Supreme Court.
* She is remembered for her commitment to judicial independence and her dedication to the rule of law..

Source : NY Times

Correct Answer :   Bihar

---

Bihar government Friday (1st Dec 2023) launched its ambitious scheme to minimise school dropout. The scheme, called Mission Daksh (Dynamic Approach for Knowledge and Skill) aims at offering special Hindi, Mathematics and English classes to weak students of classes 3-8 across the state.

A teacher will teach only five students, who cannot read and write Hindi and English fluently and are not good at basic Mathematics.


District-Wise Monitoring for ‘Mission Daksh’ :

* To ensure the effective implementation of ‘Mission Daksh,’ district-wise monitoring committees, led by district magistrates, will oversee the program’s progress.

* The committees will play a pivotal role in daily supervision starting from December 1, 2023.

* Following inspections that identified a considerable number of academically weak students during regular monitoring, the department prioritizes the identification of such students.

* ‘Mission Daksh’ focuses on addressing the individual needs of these students to enhance their academic performance.

Personalized Learning Approach :

* Extra classes, held post-lunch with no more than five students at a time, will be conducted by teachers.

* This targeted approach aims to provide individualized attention, allowing teachers to tailor their methods to the unique needs of each academically weak student.

* All identified students are expected to take their final examinations in April 2024.

* The Education Department emphasizes that if these students fail, strict departmental action will be taken against headmasters, principals, and teachers.


Bihar’s Ongoing Commitment to Education Reform :

* The ‘Mission Daksh’ initiative aligns with the Nitish Kumar government’s broader efforts to enhance the quality of education in Bihar.

* This initiative follows previous measures, including interactions with parents of students with low attendance, demonstrating the government’s commitment to addressing educational challenges at multiple levels.

Source : Indian Express

Correct Answer :   Makarand Ranade

---

Air Marshal Makarand Ranade assumed the appointment of Director General (Inspection and Safety) [DG (I&S)] at Air HQ New Delhi on 01 December 2023.

An alumnus of National Defence College, New Delhi and College Interarmée de Defense at Paris, France, the Air Marshal was commissioned in the fighter stream of the Indian Air Force on 06 December 1986.

In a career spanning over 36 years, the Air Marshal has held key field and staff appointments. These include command of a fighter squadron and two flying stations. He has been a directing staff at Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment as well as at Defence Services Staff College.

He has served as Air Attaché at Embassy of India Kabul, Afghanistan. His staff appointments at Air HQ include Director, Personnel Officers, Principal Director, Directorate of Air Staff Inspection and Assistant Chief of Air Staff Operations (Space). Prior to his present appointment, he was the Senior Air Staff Officer at HQ Western Air Command, New Delhi.

The Air Marshal was awarded Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) in 2006 and Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in 2020.

He succeeds Air Marshal Sanjeev Kapoor who superannuated on 30 November 2023 after more than 38 years of distinguished service..

Source : PIB

Correct Answer :   1st December

---

World AIDS Day is observed every year on December 1 to spread awareness about Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and support those living with the disease.

The first ever World AIDS Day was observed on December 1, 1988. This year, World Health Organisation (WHO) said that the theme is 'let communities lead'.

The UN body said that the theme has been decided to mark the pivotal impact communities have had in shaping the HIV response.


Significance of World AIDS Day :

World AIDS Day is a moment to reflect on the progress made in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Over the years, advancements in medical research, increased awareness and improved access to treatment have transformed the landscape of HIV/AIDS management. However, the day also prompts contemplation of the persisting challenges and the work that lies ahead.

Despite considerable progress, the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS endures as a major hurdle. World AIDS Day encourages open conversations, challenging misconceptions, and fostering a more supportive environment for those affected.

Explaining the theme of World AIDS Day 2023 :

UNAIDS, the join United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS, said the theme has been decided to emphasise the importance of communities in spreading awareness about the disease and stopping its spread.

"But communities are being held back in their leadership. Funding shortages, policy and regulatory hurdles, capacity constraints, and crackdowns on civil society and on the human rights of marginalised communities, are obstructing the progress of HIV prevention and treatment services. If these obstacles are removed, community-led organisations can add even greater impetus to the global HIV response, advancing progress towards the end of AIDS," said UNAIDS.

"The end of AIDS is possible, it is within our grasp" says UNAIDS Executive Director Winnie Byanyima. "To follow the path that ends AIDS, the world needs to let communities lead."..

Source : NDTV

Correct Answer :   Jagdeep Dhankhar

---

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar will inaugurate the 5th edition of Global Ayurveda Festival in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala 1st Dec 2023. The Global Ayurveda Festival (GAF) 2023 would be held in the state capital of Kerala from 1st December to 5 December 2023.

Theme : The theme 'Emerging Challenges in Healthcare and a Resurgent Ayurveda'.

The largest ever conclave on Ayurveda, GAF 2023 will witness the gathering of international practitioners of this alternative medicine, researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders to explore its impact in healthcare,  The conclave will be attended by Kerala Governor Arif Mohammed Khan, Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, Union Ayush Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, Union Minister of Animal Husbandry Parshottam Rupala, Union Minister of State and GAF Organizing Committee Chairman V. Muraleedharan, and President of the Republic of Mauritius Prithvirajsing Roopun,Sisira Jayakody, Minister of State for Indigenous Medicine of Sri Lanka, among others.

Delegations from over 70 countries will be present at the event, which underlines the growing recognition of Ayurveda's relevance in addressing global health concerns. The highlights of the festival include experts-led scientific sessions focusing on the latest scientific advancements in Ayurveda, high level industry and institutional participation showcasing innovative Ayurveda-based products, services and research initiatives as well as presentations of posters and papers.

It also said that the National Arogya Fair at GAF will showcase a diverse range of medicinal plants and their utilisation in Ayurvedic preparations. All major Ayush institutions in the country will put up their stalls at the expo and there will be pavilions of 20 Ayurveda colleges. GAF 2023 will also see India's first dedicated Business-to-Business (B2B) meet on Ayurveda medical tourism, connecting healthcare pioneers with worldwide buyers and showcasing the country's wealth of Ayurvedic healthcare resources.

A free medical camp, with 25 specialty clinics, outpatient services of top Ayurveda physicians on all five days at the venue, free distribution of medicines worth Rs 15 lakh and a spacious 'Ayurveda Aahar' food court serving a wide variety of healthy food are the other attractions of GAF 2023..

Source : AIR

Correct Answer :   Ashwini Vaishnaw

---

Homegrown Dixon Technologies, electronic manufacturing services company, will produce Xiaomi smartphones at its Noida factory, which was inaugurated by Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on Thursday (30th Nov 2023).

Padget Electronics, a subsidiary of Dixon Technologies, has announced that the production of Xiaomi handsets will be done at its recently established Noida factory, backed by an investment worth Rs 256 crore, the media has reported.

This is likely to create approximately 5,000 new jobs. Dixon's manufacturing facility boasts an annual production capacity of 25 million units.

“We have seen complex manufacturing at the new Dixon facility which is an answer to those who say India is only assembling phones and not manufacturing them,” the minister was quoted as saying by news agency IANS.

Vaishnaw also acknowledged India's emergence as an smartphone export hub. This development comes in the wake of India encouraging IT hardware manufacturers to manufacture devices locally.

With the objective of exporting 30 per cent of the total production capacity within the next two to three years, Dixon Technologies has invested almost Rs 300 crore in its Noida plant for manufacturing Xiaomi smartphones, a report by GQ Prime mentioned.

"It is a momentous step towards our commitment to boosting the local smartphone manufacturing ecosystem in India. We believe that this association will leverage our excellence and superior execution and Xiaomi's expertise and leadership in the Indian business ecosystem," Sunil Vachani, Executive Chairman of Dixon Technologies was quoted as saying.

To recall, earlier in may, Xiaomi and Noida-headquartered contract manufacturer Dixon Technologies joined hands, with an aim to manufacture mobile phones for exporting. Representatives from both firms had met Minister of State for IT, Rajeev Chandrasekhar with the proposed initiative. Xiaomi has been locally assembling most of the smartphones and TVs that it sells in the country..

Source : ABP Live

Correct Answer :   Nagaland

---

Nagaland, a vibrant state in the northeastern region of India, is jubilantly celebrating its 61st Statehood Day on December 1, 2023. This marks a significant milestone in the historical journey of the Nagas, who became the 16th state of the Union of India on December 1, 1963.

The state-level function, to be held at the Nagaland Civil Secretariat Kohima, promises a day filled with cultural richness, reflections on the past and a focus on the future.


Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio’s Address : The day’s festivities will commence with Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio taking the general salute and delivering an address to the people of Nagaland. In this address, he is expected to not only celebrate the achievements and opportunities since statehood but also unveil key initiatives for the future. Among these initiatives are the launch of the Nagaland School Safety Policy Digital Training Platform and the Nagaland Disaster Risk Reduction Road Map. These platforms are crucial steps toward ensuring the safety and resilience of the state.


Inauguration of “Nagaland at 60” Photo Exhibition : A notable feature of the celebration is the inauguration of a photo exhibition titled “Nagaland at 60,” organized by the Department of Information & Public Relations. This exhibition will provide a visual journey through Nagaland’s rich history, capturing the essence of its culture, diversity and progress over the past six decades.

Special Performances and Cultural Presentation : Adding to the cultural vibrancy of the day, a special performance by the 15th NAP (IR) Mahila Band, finalists of India’s Got Talent 2023, is anticipated. The cultural presentation will showcase the artistic and traditional heritage of Nagaland, reflecting the unity that transcends tribes and languages.


Governor’s Greetings and Reflections :

Nagaland Governor La Ganesan has extended warm greetings to the people on this auspicious occasion. In his message, he emphasized the significance of the 61st Statehood Day, recognizing it as a moment that commemorates the historical journey of the Nagas and their collective dreams for a vibrant state. The Governor highlighted the vision and contributions of pioneers and leaders who shaped Nagaland into a diverse and resilient state.

Governor Ganesan stressed the responsibility of every citizen in ensuring a peaceful and prosperous Nagaland. He acknowledged the perseverance and undying faith that form that cornerstone of Nagaland’s identity. The governor applauded the inherent sense of community among the Nagas, transcending tribes and languages, presenting itself as an indomitable force capable of overcoming adversities and challenges.


Challenges and Aspirations : Addressing challenging such as unemployment, the quest for enduring peace and equitable growth, Governor Ganesan emphasized that progress must touch every corner of Nagaland. He called upon citizens to contribute actively towards shaping Nagaland as a state that embodies dreams and aspirations.


Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio’s Reflection : Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio, in social media post, extended greetings on the occasion, inviting reflection on the journey made so far. He highlighted the resilience and collective efforts that have shaped Nagaland’s identity. Mr. Rio paid homage to the past leaders who paved the way for the state’s formation with special constitutional guarantees, acknowledging their crucial role in shaping the destiny of Nagaland..