Correct Answer : Option (D) - 1, 3 and 4
Note :
The ferns are most commonly plants of shaded damp forests of both temperate and tropical zones. Some fern species grow equally well on soil and upon rocks; others are confined strictly to rocky habitats, where they occur in fissures and crevices of cliff faces, boulders, and taluses. Acidic rocks such as granites, sandstones, and quartzites are associated with characteristic fern species different from those of alkaline rocks such as calcites and dolomites. A few species appear to be confined
to serpentine and related rocks. In the tropics as many as two-thirds of the ferns of an area may grow as epiphytes on the shaded lower trunks and branches or in the crowns of trees.
Lichens have specific requirements for their habitats. Although they can occur on a variety of substrates, each substrate must have the individual components in the right amounts that growing lichen needs. These requirements are: water, air, nutrients, light, and substrates
Lichens need homes too! Every lichen lives on top of something else. The surface of that "something else" is called a substrate. Just about anything that holds still long enough for a lichen to attach to and grow is a suitable substrate. Trees, rocks, soil, houses, tombstones, cars, old farm equipment and more can be substrates. The most common natural substrates are trees, rocks, and soil. Soil is another important substrate for lichens. It provides moisture, nutrients, space to grow, and depending on the location, shelter as well.
A moss is a flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the spores produced in small capsules. Moss grow on almost any substrate, including rocks, wood, or soil.
Mushroom, the conspicuous umbrella-shaped fruiting body (sporophore) of certain fungi. Mushrooms can form a symbiotic relationship with trees. Mushrooms can also be grown hydroponically as fungi.