Interoperability is one of the major challenges in the adoption of IoT technology. Here are some ways to address the interoperability challenges in an IoT system:

Adopt Standard Protocols : Standard protocols enable IoT devices and systems from different vendors to communicate and work together. The use of standard protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP can help to address interoperability challenges.

Use an Open Architecture : An open architecture that can accommodate multiple hardware and software components can help to address interoperability challenges. It is essential to use an architecture that is compatible with different hardware, software, and platforms.

Implement API's : APIs provide a way for different devices and systems to communicate with each other. They offer a standardized way of accessing and using different services, which can help to address interoperability challenges. Use Middleware : Middleware solutions can act as a bridge between different devices and systems, providing an interface that enables communication between them. Middleware can help to abstract the underlying details of different devices and systems, enabling them to work together.

Adopt an IoT Platform : IoT platforms offer a complete solution for managing and integrating IoT devices and systems. These platforms typically provide standard APIs and protocols, enabling different devices and systems to work together.

Develop a Common Data Model : Developing a common data model that all devices and systems can use can help to address interoperability challenges. The data model can define a standard format and structure for data, enabling different devices and systems to work with the same data.