Lisp follows a set of rules for variable scoping and binding, which determine how variables are accessed and how their values are bound within different parts of a program. The scoping rules in Lisp help maintain the separation and visibility of variables. Here are the key aspects of variable scoping and binding in Lisp:

1. Lexical Scoping :
   * Lisp primarily uses lexical scoping, also known as static scoping or scope by location.
   * Lexical scoping means that the scope of a variable is determined by its location in the program's source code.
   * Variables are bound to values based on their position in the program's nested structure, typically defined within blocks or function bodies.
   * The scope of a variable extends from its point of declaration to the end of the enclosing block or function.

2. Global Variables :
   * In Lisp, global variables are accessible throughout the entire program.
   * Global variables are defined using the `defvar` or `defparameter` special forms.
   * Global variables can be accessed and modified from any part of the program, including nested blocks and functions.
   * Global variables have dynamic extent, meaning they retain their value until explicitly changed. 3. Local Variables :
   * Local variables are variables that are specific to a particular block or function.
   * Local variables are typically defined using the `let` special form.
   * A `let` form allows the creation of local variables that are only accessible within its scope.
   * Local variables have lexical extent, meaning their scope is limited to the block or function in which they are defined.
   * Nested blocks or functions can have their own sets of local variables that are separate from the variables in the outer scope.

4. Variable Shadowing :
   * Lisp allows variable shadowing, where a local variable has the same name as a variable in an outer scope.
   * When a local variable shadows an outer variable, references to the variable within the inner scope refer to the local variable.
   * Shadowing allows the creation of new variables with the same name as existing variables without affecting the outer variables.
   * It's important to note that shadowing can make code less readable and can lead to confusion, so it should be used judiciously.

5. Dynamic Variables :
   * Lisp also supports dynamic variables, which have dynamic extent and allow dynamic scoping.
   * Dynamic variables are defined using the `defvar` or `defparameter` special forms with the `*` prefix convention (e.g., `*my-variable*`).
   * Dynamic variables can be dynamically rebound using the `let` special form or the `setq` function, allowing different parts of the program to have different values for the variable at the same time.
   * Dynamic variables are less commonly used in Lisp compared to lexical variables, as they can make code harder to reason about and understand.