Correct Answer :   Venezuela

---

Venezuela has recently witnessed a poignant environmental milestone, marking a grim reality of the climate crisis. The nation has likely become the first in modern history to lose all its glaciers, with the reclassification of the Humboldt glacier as an ice field, its final icy vestige, earlier this month. This event serves as a stark reminder that climate change is not a distant threat but an urgent crisis demanding immediate action.

Disappearing Glaciers of Venezuela :

Once home to six glaciers nestled in the Andes mountains at approximately 5,000 meters above sea level, Venezuela saw the disappearance of five by 2011. Scientists initially estimated that the Humboldt glacier would endure for another decade, but its rapid melting has defied expectations. Now reduced to less than 2 hectares, the Humboldt’s downgrade from a glacier to an ice field underscores the alarming pace of glacial retreat.

What are Glaciers?

Glaciers, massive accumulations of ice formed over centuries from compacted snow, typically develop in regions where mean annual temperatures hover near freezing. Their sheer mass and gravitational pull cause them to flow like slow rivers. While definitions of glacier size vary, a common guideline suggests a minimum size of around 10 hectares.

The Role of Global Warming :

The primary driver behind glacier loss is indisputably global warming, fueled by the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Human activities, notably the burning of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution, have significantly elevated GHG levels. These gases trap heat, leading to rising global temperatures and accelerated glacier melting.

Impact of Glacial Loss :

The disappearance of glaciers carries profound ecological and societal implications. Glaciers serve as vital freshwater reservoirs, particularly during dry periods, sustaining local communities, flora, and fauna. Their meltwater also regulates downstream temperatures, crucial for aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, melting glaciers contribute to rising sea levels, albeit to varying degrees depending on their size.

Beyond Environmental Impact :

For nations like Venezuela, glacier loss represents not only an environmental crisis but also a cultural tragedy. Glaciers hold deep cultural significance, shaping regional identities and supporting activities like mountaineering and tourism. The loss of these icy landmarks reverberates beyond environmental concerns, profoundly affecting communities’ way of life.

The Urgency of Climate Action :

Venezuela’s loss of its last glacier serves as a poignant reminder of the urgent need for decisive climate action. As nations grapple with the consequences of unchecked climate change, concerted efforts to curb GHG emissions, invest in renewable energy, and adapt to shifting environmental realities become imperative. The fate of glaciers worldwide hangs in the balance, underscoring the pressing need for collective action to preserve our planet’s fragile ecosystems.

Correct Answer :   China

---

In the latest move against perceived infringements on its territorial claims, China has sanctioned Boeing and two other US defense companies for their involvement in arms sales to Taiwan. The announcement came on the day of Taiwan’s presidential inauguration, highlighting tensions in the region.

Taiwan’s Security Agenda :

Lai Ching-te, Taiwan’s newly inaugurated president, has emphasized the need to bolster the island’s security through the acquisition of advanced fighter jets and other technology, as well as by enhancing its domestic defense industry.

Targets of Sanctions :

China’s Ministry of Commerce placed Boeing’s Defence, Space & Security unit, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, and General Dynamics Land Systems on an “unreliable entities” list. This move prohibits further investment in China by these companies and imposes travel bans on their senior management.

Previous Actions and Current Impact :

In April 2024, China had frozen assets of General Atomics Aeronautical Systems and General Dynamics Land Systems held within its borders. While the impact of these sanctions on businesses like Boeing remains uncertain, it could affect their operations in China, particularly in the aerospace sector, where foreign technology is still crucial despite China’s efforts to develop its own capabilities.

Military Dynamics :

Taiwan has been experiencing increased military pressure from China’s People’s Liberation Army, evident in frequent fighter jet flights and warship passages near the island. This escalation underscores the sensitivity of arms sales to Taiwan and the potential repercussions they carry in the broader geopolitical context.

Complex Business Landscape :

Despite US restrictions on the sale of weapons-related technology to China, some military contractors, including Boeing, have civilian businesses in aerospace and other sectors. The interplay between these different facets of their operations adds complexity to the potential fallout from China’s sanctions.

Correct Answer :   6.7%

---

The Indian economy showed robust growth in the first three quarters of the 2023-24 fiscal year, with GDP expanding by 8.2% in the June quarter, 8.1% in the September quarter, and 8.4% in the December quarter. India Ratings and Research (Ind-RA) expects the GDP growth rate to be 6.7% for the March quarter and around 6.9-7% for the entire fiscal year (2024), according to their principal economist, Sunil Kumar Sinha. The official GDP numbers for Q4 and provisional estimates for FY24 will be released on May 31.

Quarterly Performance :

June Quarter : GDP growth at 8.2%
September Quarter : GDP growth at 8.1%
December Quarter : GDP growth at 8.4%

Factors Influencing Growth :

The growth rates in the first two quarters benefited from a low base effect. The surprising 8.4% growth in the third quarter was significantly influenced by higher tax collections, creating a notable wedge between GDP and Gross Value Added (GVA). In Q3, while GVA was at 6.5%, GDP reached 8.4% due to this tax collection boost. This phenomenon is not expected to be repeated in Q4, which is projected to grow by 6.7%.

Reserve Bank and Fiscal Projections :

The Reserve Bank of India projected a GDP growth rate of 7% for 2023-24 in its April monetary policy review. Sinha expects the GDP to expand by 7.1% in the current fiscal year, continuing the momentum observed in the first half.

Sectoral Contributions and Future Outlook :

Services Sector: Led by construction and electricity, expected to maintain momentum.
Lagging Sectors: Mining and industrial output.
Rural Demand: Predicted above-normal monsoon may revive rural demand, supporting broader consumption.

Ministry and Economic Review :

The Finance Ministry highlighted India’s resilient growth, robust economic indicators, price stability, and steady external sector performance. Despite global uncertainties, India remains the fastest-growing major economy with a positive growth outlook supported by both international organizations and the RBI.

Correct Answer :   May 18th

---

International Museum Day, celebrated annually on May 18th in the world to raise public awareness of the invaluable role museums play in preserving artistic, cultural, and historical artifacts. This day highlights the educational and cultural contributions of museums, showcasing their importance as repositories of knowledge and history. Let’s delve into the details of International Museum Day 2024, exploring its date, history, theme, significance, and celebrations.

International Museum Day 2024 – Date :

International Museum Day is celebrated every year on May 18. In 2024, the event falls on a Saturday, providing an excellent opportunity for people to visit museums and participate in various activities and events organized to mark the occasion.

International Museum Day 2024 – Theme :

Each year, International Museum Day focuses on a specific theme that addresses relevant topics or challenges faced by museums globally. The theme for International Museum Day 2024 is “Museums for Education and Research.” This theme underscores the essential role of museums as cultural institutions that provide comprehensive educational experiences and support research initiatives. It highlights how museums contribute to lifelong learning and the advancement of knowledge.

History of International Museum Day :

The first International Museum Day was organized in 1977 by the International Council of Museums (ICOM). This initiative was born from a resolution aimed at creating an annual event to unite the creative efforts of museums worldwide and raise global awareness about their activities. Since its inception, museums across the globe have been invited to participate in this celebration each year. In 1992, ICOM began the tradition of adopting an annual theme, and in 1997, an international poster was introduced, embraced by 28 countries.

Significance of International Museum Day :

International Museum Day holds significant importance in emphasizing the vital role museums play in society. Established by ICOM, this day aims to unite museums worldwide and showcase their efforts in raising awareness, fostering understanding, and promoting the appreciation of diverse cultures. Museums serve as educational platforms that offer valuable insights into the lifestyles, tools, and creations of ancient civilizations, making them crucial repositories of history. By celebrating this day, we acknowledge and honor the dedication of museums to preserving and sharing human heritage.

International Museum Day 2024 – Celebrations

International Museum Day is celebrated with various activities and events organized by museums around the world. These celebrations often include :

* Special Exhibitions and Tours : Museums curate unique exhibitions and guided tours that align with the annual theme, offering visitors deeper insights into specific topics.
* Workshops and Educational Programs : Interactive workshops, lectures, and educational programs are held to engage the public and promote learning.
* Community Events : Museums collaborate with local communities to host cultural performances, art shows, and other events that highlight the region’s heritage.
* Free or Discounted Entry : Many museums offer free or discounted admission on this day to encourage more people to visit and explore their collections.
* Online Events : In recent years, virtual tours, online workshops, and digital exhibitions have become popular, allowing global participation in International Museum Day.

Correct Answer :   May 18th

---

World AIDS Vaccine Day, also known as HIV Vaccine Awareness Day, is observed annually on May 18th. This day is dedicated to raising awareness about the urgent need for AIDS vaccines and acknowledging the efforts of individuals, including doctors, scientists, and community members, who are committed to developing vaccines to combat HIV/AIDS.

Understanding AIDS :

AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The disease was first reported in 1981 in the United States. HIV attacks the body’s immune system, gradually weakening it over time. If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS, wherein the immune system is severely compromised, making the body vulnerable to various infections and diseases.

History of World AIDS Vaccine Day :

World AIDS Vaccine Day traces its origins to a speech delivered by then-President Bill Clinton at Morgan State University on May 18, 1997. In his address, President Clinton emphasized the critical importance of developing a vaccine to halt the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Since then, May 18th has been globally recognized as a day to promote awareness about HIV/AIDS and the imperative need for a vaccine.

Theme for World’s AIDS Vaccine Day 2024 :

While the theme for World AIDS Vaccine Day 2024 has not yet been announced, the overarching focus remains on innovative research, accelerated vaccine development, and protective measures to realize the goal of an AIDS-free world. In 2023, the theme, ‘Measure Your Blood Pressure Accurately, Control It, Live Longer,’ highlighted the importance of raising awareness and taking appropriate measures for disease prevention.

Significance of World’s AIDS Vaccine Day :

World AIDS Vaccine Day holds significant importance in acknowledging the progress made in AIDS research and underscoring the ongoing efforts required to combat the disease. It serves as a poignant reminder of the global commitment needed to develop an effective vaccine that can prevent HIV infections and ultimately eradicate AIDS. Moreover, the day serves to honor the dedication of individuals tirelessly working towards the development of an AIDS vaccine and promotes awareness about prevention efforts.

Awareness Initiatives :

On World AIDS Vaccine Day, numerous organizations and governments worldwide organize various programs and events to educate communities about HIV/AIDS prevention and control. These initiatives aim to dispel misconceptions surrounding the disease, encourage HIV testing and early diagnosis, and advocate for accessible treatment and support services.

Correct Answer :   India and Britain

---

* India and Britain have reaffirmed their commitment to conclude a mutually beneficial free trade agreement (FTA) at the annual U.K.-India Strategic Dialogue in London, as the two sides reflected the "good progress" on the 2030 Roadmap since the last review.

* Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra, who is on a visit to the U.K., held discussions with his counterpart, Sir Philip Barton, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) on Friday (17th May 2024).

* After their meeting, the FCDO said the two leaders reviewed the progress made on the U.K.-India 2030 Roadmap since the last strategic dialogue in January last year and looked ahead to the next phase of bilateral cooperation.

* “The two reflected on good progress on the 2030 Roadmap since the last review, noting key areas where the UK and India have worked together to tackle some of the world’s biggest challenges,” the FCDO said in a statement.

* “This included collaborating on the world’s first malaria vaccine, working closely on India’s successful G20 Presidency and increasing opportunities for students and entrepreneurs under the Migration and Mobility Partnership," the statement said.

* "Alongside celebrating the milestones since the last review, this year’s dialogue included the ongoing commitment to negotiate a mutually beneficial free trade agreement (FTA) and enhance defence cooperation,” it added.

* Earlier, the High Commission of India in London said Mr. Kwatra also had a “fruitful meeting” with U.K. Minister of State for Defence Procurement James Cartlidge, during which they discussed ongoing India-U.K. defence capability cooperation initiatives and avenues for future collaboration.

* “We are delighted to host Indian Foreign Secretary Kwatra in London to underline the UK’s commitment to deepening cooperation with India," said Lord Tariq Ahmad, FCDO Minister for South Asia, after his meeting with the Foreign Secretary, which his office said covered the FTA, migration and the Commonwealth.

* "I look forward to our relationship going from strength to strength, working together on trade, defence, climate, and health,” he added.

* The 2030 Roadmap was clinched between India and the U.K. in 2021 and includes commitments to deepen cooperation on health, climate, trade, education, science and technology, and defence by 2030.

* India and the U.K. have held 13 rounds of talks on the FTA. The 14th round started in January.

* There are 26 chapters in the agreement, including goods, services, investments, and intellectual property rights.

* The Indian industry is demanding greater access for its skilled professionals from sectors like IT and healthcare in the UK market, besides market access for several goods at nil customs duty.

* On the other hand, the U.K. is seeking a significant cut in import duties on goods such as scotch whiskey, electric vehicles, lamb meat, chocolates, and certain confectionary items.

* Britain is also looking for more opportunities for U.K. services in Indian markets in segments like telecommunications, legal and financial services (banking and insurance).

* The bilateral trade between India and the U.K. increased to $20.36 billion in 2022-23 from $17.5 billion in 2021-22..

Source : The Hindu

Correct Answer :   15 May 2024

---

Noted storyteller and Padma Shri awardee Malti Joshi passed away at the age of 90 years at her residence in New Delhi on 15 May 2024. She was suffering from oesophagus cancer. Malti Joshi was known for her work in Hindi and Marathi language. She was awarded Padam Shri in 2018.

Malti Joshi as a Hindi and Marathi story writer :

* Malti Joshi was born on June 4, 1934, in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Malti Joshi was brought up in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. She did her schooling at Malav Kanya Vidyalaya in the city. She completed her graduation from the Holkar College of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Indore. He also did her Master's from the same university in Hindi literature in 1956.

* She was a prolific writer who wrote in Hindi and Marathi. However, she is best known for her Hindi literature works.

* In the early stages of her writing, Malti Joshi wrote poems, and in college she was famous as  Meera of Malwa.

Malti Joshi Main Story Collections :

* Malti Joshi's major story collections include Pashan Yug, Madhyantar, Samarpan ka Sukh, Mann Na Hue Dus Bees, Malti Joshi's ki  Kahaniyan, Ek Ghar Ho Sapno Ka, Vishwas Gatha, Aakhri Shatti, Mori Rang De Chunariya, Ek Sarthak Din, etc. She has also written children's story collections like Dadi Ki Ghadi, Jeene Ki Raah, Pariksha Aur Puraskar, Sneh K Swar, Sacha Singar, etc.

* She has also written novels and auto-memoirs. Patakshep, Sahcharini, Shobha Yatra, Raga Virag, etc., are prominent among the novels. At the same time, she also wrote a song collection, Mera Chhota Sa Apnapan.

* She also wrote a memoir autobiography called Is Pyaar Ko Kya Naam doon.

* Malti Joshi's work has been translated into other Indian languages like  Marathi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Malayalam, and Kannada. Her work has also been translated into foreign languages like Russian, Japanese and English.

* Several of  Malti Joshi’s stories were adapted for television, which was telecasted by Doordarshan. The Saat Phere serial, telecasted on Doordarshan and produced by Jaya Bachchan, was based on Malti Joshi’s story. Her story is also featured in the television serial ‘Kiraddar’, produced by Gulzar.

Correct Answer :   Iran

---

India has signed a 10-year agreement to develop and operate Iran’s strategic Chabahar Port to strengthen trade ties with Central Asia and Afghanistan, bypassing Pakistan. However, this deal faces potential US sanctions, complicating New Delhi’s strategic objectives.

Strategic Importance of Chabahar Port :

The Chabahar Port, located in southeastern Iran’s Sistan-Baluchestan province, is crucial for India’s trade ambitions. By operating a terminal in the Shahid Beheshti section, India aims to establish a direct trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, circumventing its rival Pakistan. Indian Shipping Minister Sarbananda Sonowal highlighted the port’s role as a vital trade artery for India.

Details of the Agreement :

India Port Global Limited (IPGL) and Iran’s Ports and Maritime Organization (PMO) signed the deal, committing India to invest $120 million into the port’s terminal over ten years, with an additional $250 million loan facility, bringing the total contract value to $370 million. This agreement, revived post-2015 Iran nuclear deal sanctions relief, aims to solidify the infrastructure and operational capabilities of the port.

US Sanctions Threat :

The US has issued a warning about potential sanctions for entities engaging with Iran. US State Department spokesman Vedant Patel cautioned businesses of the risks involved in deals with Iran. Despite this, India’s Foreign Minister "Subrahmanyam Jaishankar " expressed confidence in communicating the strategic benefits of the port to the US, advocating for a broader understanding of its significance.

Historical Context and Revival of the Deal :

Initial talks between India and Iran regarding Chabahar Port began in 2003 but stalled due to US sanctions. The 2015 easing of sanctions under the Iran nuclear deal revitalized discussions, leading to a tripartite agreement involving India, Iran, and Afghanistan during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Iran in 2016. This agreement underscored the shared interest in developing alternative trade routes.

Correct Answer :   7 Million

---

The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), a digital infrastructure initiative launched in 2021, has witnessed remarkable growth, with transactions crossing 70 lakh in April this year (2024). Led by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), ONDC aims to democratize digital commerce and create a level playing field for businesses of all sizes. Let’s explore the key highlights and significance of ONDC through subheadings.

Facilitating Digital Commerce :

ONDC serves as a pioneering digital infrastructure that aims to democratize digital commerce in India. By providing a platform that lowers entry barriers and fosters competition, ONDC opens up new opportunities for businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to participate in the digital economy.

Impressive Milestones :

The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) announced that over 5 lakh sellers have been onboarded on the ONDC platform, with more than 70% of them being small or medium-sized sellers. Additionally, over 125 ecosystem stakeholders, including startups, unicorns, and businesses, have signed Letters of Intent (LoI) to join ONDC, reflecting the platform’s growing influence and appeal.

Role of Startups :

Startups play a pivotal role in driving innovation and fostering competition within the ONDC ecosystem. Joint Secretary of DPIIT, Sanjiv Singh, emphasized the significance of startups in enhancing consumer choice and driving momentum for the national initiative. More than 125 startups have committed to onboard the ONDC network, demonstrating their enthusiasm for leveraging the platform to innovate and expand their reach.

Addressing Market Challenges :

Creating and discovering markets pose significant challenges for startups, especially those that have been digitally excluded. ONDC addresses these challenges by lowering entry barriers to digital commerce and providing a level playing field for all e-commerce players. The platform empowers small-scale businesses and digitally excluded entities to participate in the digital economy on equal footing with larger counterparts.

ONDC Entity and Governance :

The ONDC entity, established as a not-for-profit company under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, manages and operates the ONDC Network. Responsible for building and maintaining the underlying infrastructure, the entity defines the rules of engagement and code of conduct for network participants through the ONDC Network Policy and the ONDC Network Participant Agreement.

Correct Answer :   May 17

---

World Telecommunication and Information Society Day, observed annually on May 17, celebrates the transformative impact of telecommunication and information technology on global connectivity and development. As we commemorate this special day in 2024, it’s essential to reflect on its significance, theme, historical roots, and the pressing issues it addresses.

World Telecommunication Day 2024 and Information Society Day 2024 – Date :

Every year, World Telecommunication and Information Society Day is marked on May 17. In 2024, this significant observance falls on a Friday, providing an opportunity for individuals, organizations, and governments worldwide to recognize the pivotal role of telecommunication and information technology in shaping our interconnected world.

Theme for World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2024 :

The theme for World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2024 is “Digital Innovation for Sustainable Development.” This theme underscores the crucial role that innovative technologies play in addressing global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and hunger. Digital innovation has the potential to advance progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, with estimates suggesting that digital technologies could contribute to achieving 70% of these targets. However, despite the promise of digital innovation, significant disparities in access, investment, and digital skills persist, hindering progress in many parts of the world.

History of World Telecommunication and Information Society Day :

The roots of World Telecommunication and Information Society Day trace back to the founding of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 1865. The ITU, established during the first Indian Telegraph Convention, has played a central role in standardizing and coordinating global telecommunication networks. In 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society proposed to the United Nations to designate May 17 as World Telecommunication and Information Society Day. This date holds dual significance, commemorating both the establishment of the ITU and serving as a platform to address contemporary challenges and opportunities in the information society.

Significance of World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2024 :

World Telecommunication and Information Society Day holds immense significance in highlighting the achievements and challenges of the digital age. It provides a platform for stakeholders to engage in discussions about the impact of telecommunication and information technology on sustainable development, digital inclusion, and global connectivity. The goal of the day is to promote digital innovation as a catalyst for positive change, fostering greater collaboration, investment, and policy initiatives to bridge the digital divide and promote sustainable development worldwide.